Britain is at the forefront of a low-carbon energy system transformation. The amount of electricity coming from low-carbon generators, such as nuclear plants, wind turbines and solar panels, has doubled over the last decade, from 25% in 2009 to 53% in 2018. As a result, carbon intensity halved from nearly 500 to 217 grams of CO2 per kWh (Electric Insights). However, as an island with limited interconnection to its neighbours, a further reduction down to 100 g/kWh by 2030 (Fifth Carbon Budget) is challenging due to the limited ability to import electricity when the sun doesn’t shine and the wind doesn’t blow. Individually, Britain’s academics, businesses and policy-makers are world-leading, b
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